Learn how the Maya excelled at architecture, agriculture, written language and mathematics, Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors, Join us on a journey to South America to uncover the mysteries of these ancient drawings, Discover the secrets of this incredible Incan city, Practise designing Inca-style carvings inspired by the Ancient Inca Empire of South America. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. A collection of online articles and news reports about the Aztecs. Mxico: Oficina tipogrfica de la Secretara de fomento, 1902. Useful in thinking about which accounts to juxtapose in this project. A French translation of the Cdice Florentine, which was useful for text but contained no illustrations. Topiltzin in the film, like many historical sons of caciques in sixteenth century New Spain, was sent to the priests to be taught to read and write in Spanish and to be indoctrinated in Catholicism. It is possible that their migration southward was part of a general movement of peoples that followed, or perhaps helped trigger, the collapse of the highly developed Toltec civilization of central Mexico and its capital, Tula, a spectacular urban centre that featured pyramids, temples, public buildings, and statuary. Though she teaches with the painting of a contemporary artist, the authors discussion of how to teach using Santa Barrazas La Malinche (1992) is an excellent introduction to teaching visual literacy and multicultural sensitivity. Mxico: Impr. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications and the University of California Press, 1991. Secondary Sources JSTOR An online academic database used by universities worldwide that is a superb resource for History students. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! 5. Benavidez, Anthony. Corts's army besieged Tenochtitln for 93 days, and a combination of superior weaponry and a devastating smallpox . By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and will receive emails from us about news, offers, activities and partner offers. "The Aztecs/Mexicas." The Florentine Codex is unquestionably a troubling primary source. 2 vols. This description is based primarily on written documents from the 16th century but also includes some archaeological data. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. An ethnologist at the University of Zurich questions the evidence that suggests that the Mexicas sacrificed thousands of human beings in religious rituals. Although there is a brief history of Malinche at the beginning of the book, the volume concentrates on the representations of Malinche in subsequent Spanish and Mexican literature. These cookies are required to make our website work! Authorities disagree over how early the Nahuas adopted the Spanish alphabet to render Nahuatl into a written language to produce their own codices or written accounts of the conquest. Get uplifting news, exclusive offers, inspiring stories and activities to help you and your family Omissions? That is how they celebrated the first day of the fiesta. The editor of this volume believes that some of these songs pre-date the conquest, but others are icnocuicatl or songs of sorrow lamenting the destruction of Tenochititln. [http://www.coe.ufl.ecu/courses/edtech/vault/SS/mexico2/Lesson5.htm (6-13-2000)]. Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. Learn how the Maya excelled at architecture, agriculture, written language and mathematics, Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors, Join us on a journey to South America to uncover the mysteries of these ancient drawings, Discover the secrets of this incredible Incan city, Practise designing Inca-style carvings inspired by the Ancient Inca Empire of South America. One can scroll up and down to see the other versions of the sources. The pre-Hispanic history of Mexico is contained in the numerous pictorial codices or painted hieroglyphic books produced by the Aztecs, the Maya, the Mixtecs, and others. Cambridge, Mass. (Source: Florentine Codex, 420) Coatlicue plays a prominent role in the Aztec and Mexica mythology, as recounted by Bernardino de Sahagn in the Florentine Codex. What Aspects of the Past Does the Public Want to Learn More About? Fordham University provides a list of links to online primary sources from the modern era. Change region, COUNTRY*AustraliaIrelandNew ZealandUnited KingdomOther. The Spaniards believed language and evangelization were the keys to making the natives Spanish, in their understanding of the world. When Motecuhzoma [Montezuma] had given necklaces to each one, Corts asked him: Are you Motecuhzoma? [See Alvarado Tezozmoc, Fernando]. You have come to your city, Mexico. One of the best primary sources of information on Aztec culture, they served as calendars, ritual texts, almanacs, maps, and historical manuscripts of the Aztec people, spanning from before the Spanish conquest through the colonial era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998. Hassler believes the Spaniards invented the sacrifice stories. I am not seeing you in my dreams. Discoverfascinatingfacts about Aztec life. The Aztec military gained power in numbers by adding men supplied from allied and conquered states. We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. La guerre des images: de Christophe Colomb "Blade Runner": (1492-2019). But messengers came to tell them to dress the figure of Huitzilopochtli. These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. Ask a parent or guardian to check it out first and remember to stay safe online. Tell him that we love him well and that our hearts are contented., Then he said to Motecuhzoma: We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. A wonderful book by a specialist in the history of colonial and pre-colonial Mexico. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa. Are there really rodents on the red planet? Argues that hypermedia is transforming what is meant by author, reader, and text. Lettres de Fernand Cortes Charles-Quint sur la dcouverte et la Conqute du Mexique. Their answers to this question, generally not based upon a reading of the relevant primary sources, have then been reduced to a few lines in world civilization textbooks. Codex Vaticanus nr. Fray Diego de Durn studied many of the local manuscripts produced in the sixteenth century. [http://www.umt.edu/history/NAHUATL/florent.txt (6-12-2000)]. [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~mccaa/vircatas/virtab3.htm (6-14-2000)]. N.B. Children could also complete the Aztec puzzles. Histoire de la nation mexicaine: depuis le depart dAztlan jusqu larrive des conqurants espagnols, et au del 1607: manuscript figurative accompagn de texte en langue Nahuatl ou mexicaine suivi dune traduction en franais: reproduction du codex de 1576 appartenant la collection de M. E. Eugne Goupil . La conquista de Mxico segn las ilustraciones del Cdice florentino, con textos adaptados por Marta Dujovne y montaje grfico de Lorenzo Amengual. He said: Dress him in all his finery, in all his sacred ornaments.. Gruzinski, Serge. They could also design their own Aztec calendar in the style of the colourful patterned design in the resource sheet. Occasionally used for clarification but not included in the on-line documents. Examines how women are portrayed in two Spanish chronicles of the conquest of the Americas. The film begins with Motecuhzoma IIs fictional son, Topiltzin, writing a codex to expose Spanish brutality and to preserve the historical memory of the Mexicas. 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A very useful introduction to thinking visually and interpreting art. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. Primary Source Reading: Aztec Accounts of the Conquest Introduction to the Source In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. Gruzinski, Serge. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Though it was based on Cortss papers, it is closer to a secondary source that glorifies Corts. Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people groups (Aztecs, Mixtecs, and Mayans, e.g.) Activity: Ask children to choose one of the subheadings in the resource and use the information and their own research to create their own comic strip based on that topic, like the Life as an Aztec comic. Almost every element of this received account is false, epi-demiologically improbable, historiographically suspect, or logi-cally dubious. This searches internet sites for academic articles and books. In any case, I could not use this source in this project, since it was only translated in the twentieth century. A sixteenth century manuscript which includes illustrations drawn by indigenous people. The home has 2 bedrooms and 2 baths, along with an attached 2-car garage and patio. Dover Publications. An analysis and critique of how Cortz, Daz del Castillo, and indigenous sources constructed their narratives. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. A natural response to the multiple catastrophes befalling the colonial-era Aztecs would have been despair. Cdice Ramirez. by George Folsom. 75 (May 1995): 149-183. Aztec artists worked in a number of different media, from monumental stone sculptures, terracotta sculptures, and murals to codices, featherworks, and . Paris: E. Leroux, 1893. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. What were they known for? During this time, the people asked Motecuhzoma how they should celebrate their gods fiesta. Trans. [http://www.public.iastate.edu/~python/pagan/aztec.html (6-14-2000)]. In order, most potent Sire, to convey to your Majesty a just conception of the great extent of this noble city of Tenochtitlan, and of the many rare and wonderful objects it contains, of the government and dominions of Moctezuma, the sovereign; of the religious rites and . The Aztecs referred to themselves as Culhua-Mexica, to link themselves with Colhuacn, the centre of the most-civilized people of the Valley of Mexico.See alsopre-Columbian civilizations: Aztec culture to the time of the Spanish conquest. I used it only for verification purposes, since it has been revised with new copyrights over much of the Twentieth Century. Mxico: Oficina tipogrfica de la Secretara de fomento, 1904, 1905. Mxico: Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma, 1944. The sentries from Tenochtitlan stood at one side of the gate, and the sentries from Tlatelolco at the other. New York: Harper and Row, 1984. Thus, various personal translations of the Codex Florentino became my primary source for the Mexica account of the conquest. Corts, Hernn. Dujovne, Marta. Piossek Prebisch, Teresa. explore and learn delivered straight to your inbox. Obviously, this introduces its own problems of translation, which are divorced from the issues of translation addressed above. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. When this had been done, the celebrants began to sing their songs. An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. Madrid: Fototipia de Hauser y Menet, 1905. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. It is a collection of primary sources from the Nahuas and the Spaniards. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. [Note of clarification: I am using the word Mexicas to refer to the people who controlled Tenochtitlan when the Spaniards arrived in 1519. At the same time, if the priests understood local languages, they were better able to root out native religious heresies. The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Daz del Castillo. Meyer, Michael C., Sherman, William L., and Deeds, Susan M. The Course of Mexican History. 4 vols. This slaughter in the Sacred Patio went on for three hours. Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1955. A group of indigenous people, the Tlaxcalans, who allied with the Spanish and massacred many of the Mexicas themselves, produced eighty paintings published in the mid-sixteenth century in a manuscript called El Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Las Casas, Bartolom de. The published first letter was, in fact, not Cortss original letter, but one revised by a committee with the deliberate intention of positively influencing Charles V. The Spanish conquistador Bernal Daz del Castillo wrote his version of what he had witnessed during the conquest, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, decades after the Spanish victory in 1521. [See the entries under Sahagn, Bernardino de]. Miguel LeonPortilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Paris: G. Masson, 1880. y litog. In other words, just because a manuscript was written in Nahuatl does not necessarily mean that it represented the Mexica point of view, itself an enormous insight into the complex politics of pre-colonial Mexico. A rather snippy critique of cultural studies approaches to history, but has an interesting chapter on some of the cultural studies approaches to the conquest of Mexico. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Others, especially in the south and what is now Central America, spoke various dialects of Mayan. Vridique histoire de la conqute de la nouvelle-espagne. Spanish conquistadores commanded by Hernn Corts allied with local tribes to conquer the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitln. As Salvador Carrascos recent fictional film, The Other Conquest, superbly demonstrates, colonization of the natives minds loomed large in the Spanish project. It is one of the best accounts available on the power of images in constructing historical memories and historical amnesia. Please Note: Some internet browsers do not handle the Flipboard website very well, and it is sometimes better to have the Flipboard App on your device to view the magazine. You have come here to sit on your throne, to sit under its canopy. The journey has tired you, but now you have arrived on the earth. Get uplifting news, exclusive offers, inspiring stories and activities to help you and your family Pupils will learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors in our National Geographic Kids' Aztec primary resource sheet. A Critical Study." McCaa, Robert. Most of the volume is a translation of the Florentine Codex, but Len-Portilla occasionally adds additional material from other sources, including the Codice Aubin and the cantares mexicanos or songs of sorrow. Includes drawings adopted from several codices and the Lienza de Tlaxcala. He was also reacting against an account published by Cortss secretary, Francisco Lpez de Gmara, who published an account that seemed to give Corts all of the credit for the conquest. Mxico: Oficina tipogrfica de la Secretara de fomento, 1906. Can there be a better way to understand how history is produced than by writing ones own history by using these tough to interpret documents? Very useful for preparing overviews. Cdice Florentino. Paris: Hachette, 1896. Change region, COUNTRY*AustraliaIrelandNew ZealandUnited KingdomOther. Trans. History of the Conquest of Mexico. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research, 1900. These reports include the voices of Aztec authors from central Mexico, who offer us vital testimonies of adaptation and resilience. Mxico: Secretaria de Fomento, 1892. Seler, Eduard, ed. The Spaniards hanged a chief from Acolhuacan named Nezahualquentzin. How Much Does the Public Value the Field of History and Historians Work? Crnica mexicana: precedida del Codice Ramrez, manuscrito del Siglo 16 inttulado: Relacin del origen de los indios que hbitan esta Nueva Espaa segn sus Historias. According to Mexica mytho-historical textual sources (written down in the early colonial period), they finally witnessed the sign on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco in the year 1325. . Too general to be of much use except for his account of the massacre in Cholula. Contains some interesting images from the codices critical of de Alvardo. Useful in thinking about what I am doing in this project. My one concession is to have in places slightly modified awkward language from the nineteenth century renditions of it where I deemed it to have no historical significance. Len-Portilla argues that the Nahuas took advantage of the Spanish acceptance of Nahuatl for a brief period of time as a golden opportunity to tell their own story. A copy of the manuscript was made late in the seventeenth or early in the eighteenth century. This source is of utmost importance for investigating the Aztec medicine. These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. [My translation]. Classic account of the history of the conquest that is very sympathetic to the Spaniards. Lockhart, James. For this reason, our warriors were on guard at the Eagle Gate. This History primary resource introduces children to Aztec civilization. J. Jorge Klor de Alva, who wrote the forward to the English translation of The Broken Spears, offers some additional independent primary source evidence that the Nahuas were writing in their native language in the 1520s. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Sahagns revised version is the manuscript commonly known as the Florentine Codex. Problems aside, there are three major sources of picture-history of the conquest of Mexico. The Mexican historian Miguel Len-Portilla, author of The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, believes that a rare French Bibliothque National manuscript--variously described as Manuscript 22, Unos anales historicos de la nacion mexicana, or the Tlatelolco Codex--was written in Nahuatl by a group of anonymous natives of Tlatelolco in 1528, just seven years after the conquest. Useful in putting together guides for teachers and students. It often only provides one or two pages, but it is often enough to find quotes and bibliographical details. [Not put on-line]. 1, edited.by Virginia Guedea and Jaime E. Rodriguez O. Mexico: Instituto Mora and the University of California, Irvine, 1992. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! Initially, the Spaniards believed that Castilian Spanish was the only way to transmit Catholicism, so that a major objective of colonial policy became instructing the natives in Spanish and religion. The Tezcocanos, like the Tlaxcalans, fought along side of the Spaniards against the Mexicas, which, after the fact, makes this an extremely important document. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. What Have the Publics History Education Experiences Been Like? The process of verifying the pedigree of out of copyright drawings has, thus, been a nightmare, especially when the books I was using failed to indicate the source of the illustrations. An attempt at writing a history of Doa Marina based on good sources, but more like a haigiography of Malintzin, a remarkable indigenous woman. The resource includes information on: Aztec gods, rulers, priests, temples, the Aztec empire and Aztec calendars. [http://iupjournals.org/jwh/jwh10-2.html (6-12-2000)]. Entitled Historia de los Indios de la Nueva Espaa, this manuscript can be found in the Escorial, Spain. "Human Sacrifice among the Aztecs? Mxico: Impreso por Valdes y Redondas, 1847. The letter written by Hernan Corts gives students a first look at what Corts was thinking and his plan when arriving in Tenochtitla n. Motolinas given name was Fray Toribio de Benavente. During this time the Aztecs, who, according to legend, had been wandering in search of a new place to settle, established a precarious home near the ruins of Tula. ed., rev. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/aztecs1.asp. The kings who have gone before, your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming. Robertson, Donald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. This book will allow students without access to computers to complete the assignment that is on the Internet. Does not circulate - request at Special Collections reception desk. Primary sources are firsthand accounts of people present at an event. Used to verify Torres argument that Corts commissioned a portrait of Doa Marina from the Spanish artist Rodrigo de Cifuentes. NASAs Curiosity Rover spots a mouse on Mars. This edition appears to be a French translation of the earliest version of Daz del Castillos manuscript. In 1585, he published a revised version of the codex, which, he argued, corrected some errors and integrated some things ignored in his earlier summary. Gordon, Helen H. Voice of the Vanquished: The Story of the Slave Marina and HernnCorts. Maya Conquistador. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations. It reveals the importance of maize to the Aztecs. The Aztec Empire grew as it conquered neighboring states, but that growth came at a cost. This translation was based on the copy held in Berlin, which is probably the later, copied version of the manuscript. But during much of the conquest, Cortss letters could be interpreted as an attempt to justify his deliberate failure to obey Diego Velzquez de Cellar, the Spanish governor in Cuba, the sponsor of his expedition. 5.0. The population of . Especially important were his descriptions of the Valley of Mexico, particularly Tenochtitlan, and his explanations for the actions he took. [My translation]. Sixth Edition. Songs are probably the oldest accounts documenting the defeat of the Mexicas. 10. These cookies allow us to target other information on our website, like advertising, towards your interests. "The Aztec Conquest and the Birth of a New Race (Mestizo).". If only they are watching! Why Does the Public Care about the Past (If It Cares at All)? I have strived to find out of copyright translations of the original Florentine Codex rather than use works based on the Madrid Codex, but at times I have been forced to work with both because of the difficulty of verifying the pedigrees of subsequent texts and translations. Alva Ixtilxochitl descended from the ruling family of Tezcoco. Ancient World; Middle Ages, 476-1450. Paris: A. Chaix, 1866. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. And the king said: Yes, I am Motecuhzoma. Then he stood up to welcome Corts; he came forward, bowed his head low and addressed him in these words: Our lord, you are weary. In short, many local languages were spoken in New Spain, but Nahuatl might have been the most common given the Mexicas previous colonization of the region. Berlin: Druck von Gebr. Still others simply disappeared without being published or preserved. Coatlicue was sweeping a sacred temple atop the mountain Coatepec, which translates to Serpent Mountain. This indigenous population is usually, but wrongly, referred to as the Aztecs. Garber, Elizabeth. The Aztec system of human sacrifice has drawn the attention of historians and ethnographers for more than a century. The drawings accompanying authentic manuscript reproductions often contained drawings from multiple sources, not just those included in the original manuscript itself. Mxico: Antigua Librea Robredo, de J. Porra, 1948. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. New York: The Free Press, 1996. Herberholz, Donald and Herberholz, Barbara. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. These images are quite different from those found in the Florentine Codex. I have met you face to face! (177) $4.00. If true, the statement suggests a much deeper relationship between Corts and Marina than the one suggested in my narrative to accompany the documents. All Aztecs, Maya & Inca primary resources, By entering your email address you agree to our. We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Motolina, Fray Toribio de. Sacrifice was a common theme in the Aztec culture. Study Mexico City's history from the Aztec-Mexica cities Tenochtitln and Tlatelolco to the conquistadores, Khan Academy - Introduction to the Aztecs (Mexica), World History Encyclopedia - Aztec Civilization, Aztec - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Aztec - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), pre-Columbian civilizations: Aztec culture to the time of the Spanish conquest.